• Editorial
  (Rencana Pengarang)
  Hajar Abdul Rahim
  

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• A Corpus Stylistic Study of Singular and Plural Keywords in Jane Austen’s Persuasion
  Raksangob Wijitsopon
  
  Abstract: While many corpus stylistic studies that draw on keywords pay attention to meanings of the lexical items, the present study focuses on their grammatical forms and argues that the forms largely account for the significance of keywords of a text and their contributions to meanings in a literary text. The nouns “years” and “man”, which were found to be statistically significant in Jane Austen’s Persuasion, were studied in terms of their co-occurrence patterns and textual functions. Concordance lines of these two words were analysed in comparison with their singular and plural non-key counterparts. The analysis reveals that the singular and plural forms of the keywords play an important role in the construction of thematic meanings and narrative techniques in the novel. It is suggested that an examination of grammatical aspects of keywords can provide contributions not only to literary studies of a novel but also to corpus stylistic methods and to theoretical linguistic arguments on word meanings.
  
  Keywords and phrases: corpus stylistics, keyword, lexis-grammar interface, Persuasion, singular-plural forms

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• In All Seriousness: Humour in Adibah Amin’s As I was Passing and As I was Passing II
  Farah Akmar, Mohammad A. Quayum and Madiha Ramlan
  
  Abstract: This paper investigates Adibah Amin’s use of humour in the two volumes of her occasional writing, As I was Passing (2007). To pursue this objective, the theory of humour formulated by John Morreall, a renowned contemporary figure in humour studies, has been used to frame the discussion. However, since Morreall focuses mostly on spoken humour, the paper also makes references to Dominic Cheetam’s work on written humour. The analysis shows that some elements fundamental to humour that can be found in Adibah Amin’s writing are the presence of cognitive shifts that involve expectations and violation thereof, the play mode that induces practical disengagement, and the sense of enjoyment that is exhilarating and liberating. Furthermore, Adibah Amin uses humour to promote intellectual and moral values. Besides making use of incongruities in things, Adibah Amin also includes some incongruities in presentation in her writing, which deal with her comical adaptations of linguistic patterns, further proving her astute use of humour.
  
  Keywords and phrases: Adibah Amin, humour, incongruity, Malaysian literature, written humour

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• The Dutch Colonial Economic Policy: Coffee Exploitation in Tapanuli Residency, 1849–1928
  Budi Agustono and Junaidi
  
  Abstract: The occupation of Tapanuli district was an objective of Dutch colonial settlement in the Indonesian archipelago. The expansion of the area was not only due to political factors but also due to vast economic ambition. This was evident from the trade monopoly of coffee from the beginning of Dutch occupation in the area. The colonial government’s desire for the economy was gratified by the implementation of coffee forced-farming in Tapanuli. The forced-farming system created huge profits for the treasury of the Dutch colonial government. The colonial exploitation was not confined to coffee forced-farming only but also extended to the local people, who were forcibly exploited for their labour as coolies to carry the coffee beans from remote storehouses to the port. The suffering of the local people worsened when Tapanuli district was categorised as a taxpayer district by the end of 19th century.
  
  Keywords and phrases: coffee, cultivation, Dutch colonial, Tapanuli, tax

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• Witnessing Trauma through Discordant Chronology of Words in Yvonne Vera’s Under the Tongue
  Shamaila Dodhy and Hardev Kaur
  
  Abstract: Yvonne Vera is a reformist writer of Zimbabwe who agitated the society to attend to serious issues in the life of a Zimbabwean woman. This paper will examine Yvonne Vera’s Under the Tongue in which representations of language of monologue contribute to the creation of an atmosphere in which the pain of female body is obviously felt. The legacies of colonialism and strategic policies of nationalism collaborate to facilitate the vulnerability of women thus contributing to their violation of rights and victimisation. It is a metaphorical representation of female resistance against violent male Zimbabwean society. The trauma of the victim is thoughtfully integrated into linguistic and symbolic systems aesthetically created by the writer. Using the discordant chronology of words of the female protagonist, Vera stylistically identifies the silence of a girl who is captive of flashbacks and intrusive thoughts but struggles to liberate herself from the discourse of pain. Restoration of confidence does take place with the power of language. By articulating a private experience of a victimised young girl, the writer reclaims the essential power of women’s speech and silences in the context of gendered nationalist ideology where sacrifices of women have been reduced to an invisible state by historiographers.
  
  Keywords and phrases: narrative, pain, silence, trauma, voice

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• Spatial Behaviour Modelling of Unauthorised Housing in Colombo, Sri Lanka
  GPTS Hemakumara and Ruslan Rainis
  
  Abstract: The rapid emergence of houses in the low-lying areas of developing countries, especially in South Asia, has led to increasing negative environmental effects in these regions. Therefore, here, an attempt is made to build a geo-spatial model that can be used as a guide and index to help understand how the unending emergence of individual households generally occurs. This study was conducted in the Colombo Metropolitan Region, in which the mass conversion of low-lying areas has already taken place to a great extent. The study was based on variables related to the behaviour of householders who were living in lowlying areas without having the proper legal right to occupy or use those lands. A spatial logistic model was developed based on seven explanatory variables, and this was used in conjunction with GIS-linked display maps to measure how the householders’ behaviour increased the level of conversion of low-lying lands. The sample size was 294 houses comprising 185 stable and 109 non-stable houses in the core study area, which formed a part of the Colombo Metropolitan Region. The results of this study show that out of the seven variables tested, five variables are highly significant, and the accuracy of the database is approximately 86.7%. A predicted probability map of the converted and nonconverted houses in the year 2012 has been categorised as an index of conversion. The final output of this study can be used as a guide and index with which to monitor, manage and shape low-lying areas during the town planning, house upgrading and rehabilitation stages.
  
  Keywords and phrases: geo-statistical model, housing, lowland conversion, spatial behaviour, suburban

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• Understanding Fansub as One of the Audiovisual Translation Methods
  Liew Zhe Rong and Hasuria Che Omar
  
  Abstract: The advancement of multimedia and internet technologies has led to the development of a new form of communication known as fansubbing that connects anime fans from around the globe. Fansubbing can be regarded as a form of collaborative practice because it provides anime fans the opportunity to explain the infusion of foreign cultural elements in local culture, thus enabling the target audience to better understand the anime shows that they are watching. As a translation method, fansubbing also allows anime fans to share their knowledge and interests through a free digital network. In relation to this context, this paper aims to discuss the position of fansubbing as a community’s contribution towards understanding anime in a different culture. The discussion is mainly centred upon the ideas posited by Hatcher (2005) and O’Hagan (2009) on fansub for Japanese anime and technology, Diaz-Cintas and Muñoz Sánchez’s (2006) and Pérez-González’s (2007, 2012) on the conventional subtitling and fansubbing approaches, and Chiaro’s (2008) on viewers experience. Despite the differences between fansub activities and the conventional subtitling practices, this new experience somehow illustrates a practical combination of these two subtitling approaches. This paper is expected to contribute to a more in-depth understanding of fansub as an avenue for viewers to share their cultural knowledge with the target audience who have minimal knowledge about the source language, culture and the background of the anime. In addition, the paper will also seek to understand the potential reception for anime amongst the target audience due to the effects of fansubbing.
  
  Keywords and phrases: anime, audiovisual translation, fan subtitling, semiotic channel, subtitling

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• Thesis Abstract
  Asas-Asas Pengurusan Kemiskinan pada Era Pemerintahan Khalifah Umar bin Abdul Aziz
  Fundamentals of Poverty Management during the Era of Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz’s Reign
  Radieah Mohd Nor
  

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